Files
eigen/unsupported/Eigen/src/SpecialFunctions/SpecialFunctionsImpl.h
Rasmus Munk Larsen e900b010c8 Improve robustness of igamma and igammac to bad inputs.
Check for nan inputs and propagate them immediately. Limit the number of internal iterations to 2000 (same number as used by scipy.special.gammainc). This prevents an infinite loop when the function is called with nan or very large arguments.

Original change by mfirgunov@google.com
2018-03-19 09:04:54 -07:00

1574 lines
42 KiB
C++

// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
// for linear algebra.
//
// Copyright (C) 2015 Eugene Brevdo <ebrevdo@gmail.com>
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
#ifndef EIGEN_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
#define EIGEN_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
namespace Eigen {
namespace internal {
// Parts of this code are based on the Cephes Math Library.
//
// Cephes Math Library Release 2.8: June, 2000
// Copyright 1984, 1987, 1992, 2000 by Stephen L. Moshier
//
// Permission has been kindly provided by the original author
// to incorporate the Cephes software into the Eigen codebase:
//
// From: Stephen Moshier
// To: Eugene Brevdo
// Subject: Re: Permission to wrap several cephes functions in Eigen
//
// Hello Eugene,
//
// Thank you for writing.
//
// If your licensing is similar to BSD, the formal way that has been
// handled is simply to add a statement to the effect that you are incorporating
// the Cephes software by permission of the author.
//
// Good luck with your project,
// Steve
namespace cephes {
/* polevl (modified for Eigen)
*
* Evaluate polynomial
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* int N;
* Scalar x, y, coef[N+1];
*
* y = polevl<decltype(x), N>( x, coef);
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
* Evaluates polynomial of degree N:
*
* 2 N
* y = C + C x + C x +...+ C x
* 0 1 2 N
*
* Coefficients are stored in reverse order:
*
* coef[0] = C , ..., coef[N] = C .
* N 0
*
* The function p1evl() assumes that coef[N] = 1.0 and is
* omitted from the array. Its calling arguments are
* otherwise the same as polevl().
*
*
* The Eigen implementation is templatized. For best speed, store
* coef as a const array (constexpr), e.g.
*
* const double coef[] = {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, ...};
*
*/
template <typename Scalar, int N>
struct polevl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar x, const Scalar coef[]) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((N > 0), YOU_MADE_A_PROGRAMMING_MISTAKE);
return polevl<Scalar, N - 1>::run(x, coef) * x + coef[N];
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct polevl<Scalar, 0> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar, const Scalar coef[]) {
return coef[0];
}
};
} // end namespace cephes
/****************************************************************************
* Implementation of lgamma, requires C++11/C99 *
****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct lgamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct lgamma_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <>
struct lgamma_impl<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float run(float x) {
#if !defined(EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH) && (defined(_BSD_SOURCE) || defined(_SVID_SOURCE)) && !defined(__APPLE__)
int dummy;
return ::lgammaf_r(x, &dummy);
#else
return ::lgammaf(x);
#endif
}
};
template <>
struct lgamma_impl<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double run(double x) {
#if !defined(EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH) && (defined(_BSD_SOURCE) || defined(_SVID_SOURCE)) && !defined(__APPLE__)
int dummy;
return ::lgamma_r(x, &dummy);
#else
return ::lgamma(x);
#endif
}
};
#endif
/****************************************************************************
* Implementation of digamma (psi), based on Cephes *
****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct digamma_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
/*
*
* Polynomial evaluation helper for the Psi (digamma) function.
*
* digamma_impl_maybe_poly::run(s) evaluates the asymptotic Psi expansion for
* input Scalar s, assuming s is above 10.0.
*
* If s is above a certain threshold for the given Scalar type, zero
* is returned. Otherwise the polynomial is evaluated with enough
* coefficients for results matching Scalar machine precision.
*
*
*/
template <typename Scalar>
struct digamma_impl_maybe_poly {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
template <>
struct digamma_impl_maybe_poly<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float run(const float s) {
const float A[] = {
-4.16666666666666666667E-3f,
3.96825396825396825397E-3f,
-8.33333333333333333333E-3f,
8.33333333333333333333E-2f
};
float z;
if (s < 1.0e8f) {
z = 1.0f / (s * s);
return z * cephes::polevl<float, 3>::run(z, A);
} else return 0.0f;
}
};
template <>
struct digamma_impl_maybe_poly<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double run(const double s) {
const double A[] = {
8.33333333333333333333E-2,
-2.10927960927960927961E-2,
7.57575757575757575758E-3,
-4.16666666666666666667E-3,
3.96825396825396825397E-3,
-8.33333333333333333333E-3,
8.33333333333333333333E-2
};
double z;
if (s < 1.0e17) {
z = 1.0 / (s * s);
return z * cephes::polevl<double, 6>::run(z, A);
}
else return 0.0;
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct digamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar x) {
/*
*
* Psi (digamma) function (modified for Eigen)
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* double x, y, psi();
*
* y = psi( x );
*
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
* d -
* psi(x) = -- ln | (x)
* dx
*
* is the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function.
* For integer x,
* n-1
* -
* psi(n) = -EUL + > 1/k.
* -
* k=1
*
* If x is negative, it is transformed to a positive argument by the
* reflection formula psi(1-x) = psi(x) + pi cot(pi x).
* For general positive x, the argument is made greater than 10
* using the recurrence psi(x+1) = psi(x) + 1/x.
* Then the following asymptotic expansion is applied:
*
* inf. B
* - 2k
* psi(x) = log(x) - 1/2x - > -------
* - 2k
* k=1 2k x
*
* where the B2k are Bernoulli numbers.
*
* ACCURACY (float):
* Relative error (except absolute when |psi| < 1):
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,30 30000 1.3e-15 1.4e-16
* IEEE -30,0 40000 1.5e-15 2.2e-16
*
* ACCURACY (double):
* Absolute error, relative when |psi| > 1 :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE -33,0 30000 8.2e-7 1.2e-7
* IEEE 0,33 100000 7.3e-7 7.7e-8
*
* ERROR MESSAGES:
* message condition value returned
* psi singularity x integer <=0 INFINITY
*/
Scalar p, q, nz, s, w, y;
bool negative = false;
const Scalar maxnum = NumTraits<Scalar>::infinity();
const Scalar m_pi = Scalar(EIGEN_PI);
const Scalar zero = Scalar(0);
const Scalar one = Scalar(1);
const Scalar half = Scalar(0.5);
nz = zero;
if (x <= zero) {
negative = true;
q = x;
p = numext::floor(q);
if (p == q) {
return maxnum;
}
/* Remove the zeros of tan(m_pi x)
* by subtracting the nearest integer from x
*/
nz = q - p;
if (nz != half) {
if (nz > half) {
p += one;
nz = q - p;
}
nz = m_pi / numext::tan(m_pi * nz);
}
else {
nz = zero;
}
x = one - x;
}
/* use the recurrence psi(x+1) = psi(x) + 1/x. */
s = x;
w = zero;
while (s < Scalar(10)) {
w += one / s;
s += one;
}
y = digamma_impl_maybe_poly<Scalar>::run(s);
y = numext::log(s) - (half / s) - y - w;
return (negative) ? y - nz : y;
}
};
/****************************************************************************
* Implementation of erf, requires C++11/C99 *
****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct erf_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct erf_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <>
struct erf_impl<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float run(float x) { return ::erff(x); }
};
template <>
struct erf_impl<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double run(double x) { return ::erf(x); }
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
/***************************************************************************
* Implementation of erfc, requires C++11/C99 *
****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct erfc_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct erfc_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <>
struct erfc_impl<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float run(const float x) { return ::erfcf(x); }
};
template <>
struct erfc_impl<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double run(const double x) { return ::erfc(x); }
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
/**************************************************************************************************************
* Implementation of igammac (complemented incomplete gamma integral), based on Cephes but requires C++11/C99 *
**************************************************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct igammac_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
// NOTE: cephes_helper is also used to implement zeta
template <typename Scalar>
struct cephes_helper {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar machep() { assert(false && "machep not supported for this type"); return 0.0; }
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar big() { assert(false && "big not supported for this type"); return 0.0; }
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar biginv() { assert(false && "biginv not supported for this type"); return 0.0; }
};
template <>
struct cephes_helper<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float machep() {
return NumTraits<float>::epsilon() / 2; // 1.0 - machep == 1.0
}
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float big() {
// use epsneg (1.0 - epsneg == 1.0)
return 1.0f / (NumTraits<float>::epsilon() / 2);
}
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float biginv() {
// epsneg
return machep();
}
};
template <>
struct cephes_helper<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double machep() {
return NumTraits<double>::epsilon() / 2; // 1.0 - machep == 1.0
}
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double big() {
return 1.0 / NumTraits<double>::epsilon();
}
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double biginv() {
// inverse of eps
return NumTraits<double>::epsilon();
}
};
#if !EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <typename Scalar>
struct igammac_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
#else
template <typename Scalar> struct igamma_impl; // predeclare igamma_impl
template <typename Scalar>
struct igammac_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
/* igamc()
*
* Incomplete gamma integral (modified for Eigen)
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* double a, x, y, igamc();
*
* y = igamc( a, x );
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
* The function is defined by
*
*
* igamc(a,x) = 1 - igam(a,x)
*
* inf.
* -
* 1 | | -t a-1
* = ----- | e t dt.
* - | |
* | (a) -
* x
*
*
* In this implementation both arguments must be positive.
* The integral is evaluated by either a power series or
* continued fraction expansion, depending on the relative
* values of a and x.
*
* ACCURACY (float):
*
* Relative error:
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,30 30000 7.8e-6 5.9e-7
*
*
* ACCURACY (double):
*
* Tested at random a, x.
* a x Relative error:
* arithmetic domain domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0.5,100 0,100 200000 1.9e-14 1.7e-15
* IEEE 0.01,0.5 0,100 200000 1.4e-13 1.6e-15
*
*/
/*
Cephes Math Library Release 2.2: June, 1992
Copyright 1985, 1987, 1992 by Stephen L. Moshier
Direct inquiries to 30 Frost Street, Cambridge, MA 02140
*/
const Scalar zero = 0;
const Scalar one = 1;
const Scalar nan = NumTraits<Scalar>::quiet_NaN();
if ((x < zero) || (a <= zero)) {
// domain error
return nan;
}
if (numext::isnan(a) || numext::isnan(x)) { // propagate nans
return nan;
}
if ((x < one) || (x < a)) {
/* The checks above ensure that we meet the preconditions for
* igamma_impl::Impl(), so call it, rather than igamma_impl::Run().
* Calling Run() would also work, but in that case the compiler may not be
* able to prove that igammac_impl::Run and igamma_impl::Run are not
* mutually recursive. This leads to worse code, particularly on
* platforms like nvptx, where recursion is allowed only begrudgingly.
*/
return (one - igamma_impl<Scalar>::Impl(a, x));
}
return Impl(a, x);
}
private:
/* igamma_impl calls igammac_impl::Impl. */
friend struct igamma_impl<Scalar>;
/* Actually computes igamc(a, x).
*
* Preconditions:
* a > 0
* x >= 1
* x >= a
*/
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC static Scalar Impl(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
const Scalar zero = 0;
const Scalar one = 1;
const Scalar two = 2;
const Scalar machep = cephes_helper<Scalar>::machep();
const Scalar maxlog = numext::log(NumTraits<Scalar>::highest());
const Scalar big = cephes_helper<Scalar>::big();
const Scalar biginv = cephes_helper<Scalar>::biginv();
const Scalar inf = NumTraits<Scalar>::infinity();
Scalar ans, ax, c, yc, r, t, y, z;
Scalar pk, pkm1, pkm2, qk, qkm1, qkm2;
if (x == inf) return zero; // std::isinf crashes on CUDA
/* Compute x**a * exp(-x) / gamma(a) */
ax = a * numext::log(x) - x - lgamma_impl<Scalar>::run(a);
if (ax < -maxlog) { // underflow
return zero;
}
ax = numext::exp(ax);
// continued fraction
y = one - a;
z = x + y + one;
c = zero;
pkm2 = one;
qkm2 = x;
pkm1 = x + one;
qkm1 = z * x;
ans = pkm1 / qkm1;
for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
c += one;
y += one;
z += two;
yc = y * c;
pk = pkm1 * z - pkm2 * yc;
qk = qkm1 * z - qkm2 * yc;
if (qk != zero) {
r = pk / qk;
t = numext::abs((ans - r) / r);
ans = r;
} else {
t = one;
}
pkm2 = pkm1;
pkm1 = pk;
qkm2 = qkm1;
qkm1 = qk;
if (numext::abs(pk) > big) {
pkm2 *= biginv;
pkm1 *= biginv;
qkm2 *= biginv;
qkm1 *= biginv;
}
if (t <= machep) {
break;
}
}
return (ans * ax);
}
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
/************************************************************************************************
* Implementation of igamma (incomplete gamma integral), based on Cephes but requires C++11/C99 *
************************************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct igamma_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if !EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <typename Scalar>
struct igamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
#else
template <typename Scalar>
struct igamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
/* igam()
* Incomplete gamma integral
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* double a, x, y, igam();
*
* y = igam( a, x );
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
* The function is defined by
*
* x
* -
* 1 | | -t a-1
* igam(a,x) = ----- | e t dt.
* - | |
* | (a) -
* 0
*
*
* In this implementation both arguments must be positive.
* The integral is evaluated by either a power series or
* continued fraction expansion, depending on the relative
* values of a and x.
*
* ACCURACY (double):
*
* Relative error:
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,30 200000 3.6e-14 2.9e-15
* IEEE 0,100 300000 9.9e-14 1.5e-14
*
*
* ACCURACY (float):
*
* Relative error:
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,30 20000 7.8e-6 5.9e-7
*
*/
/*
Cephes Math Library Release 2.2: June, 1992
Copyright 1985, 1987, 1992 by Stephen L. Moshier
Direct inquiries to 30 Frost Street, Cambridge, MA 02140
*/
/* left tail of incomplete gamma function:
*
* inf. k
* a -x - x
* x e > ----------
* - -
* k=0 | (a+k+1)
*
*/
const Scalar zero = 0;
const Scalar one = 1;
const Scalar nan = NumTraits<Scalar>::quiet_NaN();
if (x == zero) return zero;
if ((x < zero) || (a <= zero)) { // domain error
return nan;
}
if (numext::isnan(a) || numext::isnan(x)) { // propagate nans
return nan;
}
if ((x > one) && (x > a)) {
/* The checks above ensure that we meet the preconditions for
* igammac_impl::Impl(), so call it, rather than igammac_impl::Run().
* Calling Run() would also work, but in that case the compiler may not be
* able to prove that igammac_impl::Run and igamma_impl::Run are not
* mutually recursive. This leads to worse code, particularly on
* platforms like nvptx, where recursion is allowed only begrudgingly.
*/
return (one - igammac_impl<Scalar>::Impl(a, x));
}
return Impl(a, x);
}
private:
/* igammac_impl calls igamma_impl::Impl. */
friend struct igammac_impl<Scalar>;
/* Actually computes igam(a, x).
*
* Preconditions:
* x > 0
* a > 0
* !(x > 1 && x > a)
*/
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC static Scalar Impl(Scalar a, Scalar x) {
const Scalar zero = 0;
const Scalar one = 1;
const Scalar machep = cephes_helper<Scalar>::machep();
const Scalar maxlog = numext::log(NumTraits<Scalar>::highest());
Scalar ans, ax, c, r;
/* Compute x**a * exp(-x) / gamma(a) */
ax = a * numext::log(x) - x - lgamma_impl<Scalar>::run(a);
if (ax < -maxlog) {
// underflow
return zero;
}
ax = numext::exp(ax);
/* power series */
r = a;
c = one;
ans = one;
for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
r += one;
c *= x/r;
ans += c;
if (c/ans <= machep) {
break;
}
}
return (ans * ax / a);
}
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
/*****************************************************************************
* Implementation of Riemann zeta function of two arguments, based on Cephes *
*****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct zeta_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct zeta_impl_series {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(const Scalar) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
template <>
struct zeta_impl_series<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE bool run(float& a, float& b, float& s, const float x, const float machep) {
int i = 0;
while(i < 9)
{
i += 1;
a += 1.0f;
b = numext::pow( a, -x );
s += b;
if( numext::abs(b/s) < machep )
return true;
}
//Return whether we are done
return false;
}
};
template <>
struct zeta_impl_series<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE bool run(double& a, double& b, double& s, const double x, const double machep) {
int i = 0;
while( (i < 9) || (a <= 9.0) )
{
i += 1;
a += 1.0;
b = numext::pow( a, -x );
s += b;
if( numext::abs(b/s) < machep )
return true;
}
//Return whether we are done
return false;
}
};
template <typename Scalar>
struct zeta_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar x, Scalar q) {
/* zeta.c
*
* Riemann zeta function of two arguments
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* double x, q, y, zeta();
*
* y = zeta( x, q );
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
*
*
* inf.
* - -x
* zeta(x,q) = > (k+q)
* -
* k=0
*
* where x > 1 and q is not a negative integer or zero.
* The Euler-Maclaurin summation formula is used to obtain
* the expansion
*
* n
* - -x
* zeta(x,q) = > (k+q)
* -
* k=1
*
* 1-x inf. B x(x+1)...(x+2j)
* (n+q) 1 - 2j
* + --------- - ------- + > --------------------
* x-1 x - x+2j+1
* 2(n+q) j=1 (2j)! (n+q)
*
* where the B2j are Bernoulli numbers. Note that (see zetac.c)
* zeta(x,1) = zetac(x) + 1.
*
*
*
* ACCURACY:
*
* Relative error for single precision:
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,25 10000 6.9e-7 1.0e-7
*
* Large arguments may produce underflow in powf(), in which
* case the results are inaccurate.
*
* REFERENCE:
*
* Gradshteyn, I. S., and I. M. Ryzhik, Tables of Integrals,
* Series, and Products, p. 1073; Academic Press, 1980.
*
*/
int i;
Scalar p, r, a, b, k, s, t, w;
const Scalar A[] = {
Scalar(12.0),
Scalar(-720.0),
Scalar(30240.0),
Scalar(-1209600.0),
Scalar(47900160.0),
Scalar(-1.8924375803183791606e9), /*1.307674368e12/691*/
Scalar(7.47242496e10),
Scalar(-2.950130727918164224e12), /*1.067062284288e16/3617*/
Scalar(1.1646782814350067249e14), /*5.109094217170944e18/43867*/
Scalar(-4.5979787224074726105e15), /*8.028576626982912e20/174611*/
Scalar(1.8152105401943546773e17), /*1.5511210043330985984e23/854513*/
Scalar(-7.1661652561756670113e18) /*1.6938241367317436694528e27/236364091*/
};
const Scalar maxnum = NumTraits<Scalar>::infinity();
const Scalar zero = 0.0, half = 0.5, one = 1.0;
const Scalar machep = cephes_helper<Scalar>::machep();
const Scalar nan = NumTraits<Scalar>::quiet_NaN();
if( x == one )
return maxnum;
if( x < one )
{
return nan;
}
if( q <= zero )
{
if(q == numext::floor(q))
{
return maxnum;
}
p = x;
r = numext::floor(p);
if (p != r)
return nan;
}
/* Permit negative q but continue sum until n+q > +9 .
* This case should be handled by a reflection formula.
* If q<0 and x is an integer, there is a relation to
* the polygamma function.
*/
s = numext::pow( q, -x );
a = q;
b = zero;
// Run the summation in a helper function that is specific to the floating precision
if (zeta_impl_series<Scalar>::run(a, b, s, x, machep)) {
return s;
}
w = a;
s += b*w/(x-one);
s -= half * b;
a = one;
k = zero;
for( i=0; i<12; i++ )
{
a *= x + k;
b /= w;
t = a*b/A[i];
s = s + t;
t = numext::abs(t/s);
if( t < machep ) {
break;
}
k += one;
a *= x + k;
b /= w;
k += one;
}
return s;
}
};
/****************************************************************************
* Implementation of polygamma function, requires C++11/C99 *
****************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct polygamma_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if !EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <typename Scalar>
struct polygamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(Scalar n, Scalar x) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
#else
template <typename Scalar>
struct polygamma_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static Scalar run(Scalar n, Scalar x) {
Scalar zero = 0.0, one = 1.0;
Scalar nplus = n + one;
const Scalar nan = NumTraits<Scalar>::quiet_NaN();
// Check that n is an integer
if (numext::floor(n) != n) {
return nan;
}
// Just return the digamma function for n = 1
else if (n == zero) {
return digamma_impl<Scalar>::run(x);
}
// Use the same implementation as scipy
else {
Scalar factorial = numext::exp(lgamma_impl<Scalar>::run(nplus));
return numext::pow(-one, nplus) * factorial * zeta_impl<Scalar>::run(nplus, x);
}
}
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
/************************************************************************************************
* Implementation of betainc (incomplete beta integral), based on Cephes but requires C++11/C99 *
************************************************************************************************/
template <typename Scalar>
struct betainc_retval {
typedef Scalar type;
};
#if !EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
template <typename Scalar>
struct betainc_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar b, Scalar x) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
#else
template <typename Scalar>
struct betainc_impl {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(Scalar, Scalar, Scalar) {
/* betaincf.c
*
* Incomplete beta integral
*
*
* SYNOPSIS:
*
* float a, b, x, y, betaincf();
*
* y = betaincf( a, b, x );
*
*
* DESCRIPTION:
*
* Returns incomplete beta integral of the arguments, evaluated
* from zero to x. The function is defined as
*
* x
* - -
* | (a+b) | | a-1 b-1
* ----------- | t (1-t) dt.
* - - | |
* | (a) | (b) -
* 0
*
* The domain of definition is 0 <= x <= 1. In this
* implementation a and b are restricted to positive values.
* The integral from x to 1 may be obtained by the symmetry
* relation
*
* 1 - betainc( a, b, x ) = betainc( b, a, 1-x ).
*
* The integral is evaluated by a continued fraction expansion.
* If a < 1, the function calls itself recursively after a
* transformation to increase a to a+1.
*
* ACCURACY (float):
*
* Tested at random points (a,b,x) with a and b in the indicated
* interval and x between 0 and 1.
*
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* Relative error:
* IEEE 0,30 10000 3.7e-5 5.1e-6
* IEEE 0,100 10000 1.7e-4 2.5e-5
* The useful domain for relative error is limited by underflow
* of the single precision exponential function.
* Absolute error:
* IEEE 0,30 100000 2.2e-5 9.6e-7
* IEEE 0,100 10000 6.5e-5 3.7e-6
*
* Larger errors may occur for extreme ratios of a and b.
*
* ACCURACY (double):
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE 0,5 10000 6.9e-15 4.5e-16
* IEEE 0,85 250000 2.2e-13 1.7e-14
* IEEE 0,1000 30000 5.3e-12 6.3e-13
* IEEE 0,10000 250000 9.3e-11 7.1e-12
* IEEE 0,100000 10000 8.7e-10 4.8e-11
* Outputs smaller than the IEEE gradual underflow threshold
* were excluded from these statistics.
*
* ERROR MESSAGES:
* message condition value returned
* incbet domain x<0, x>1 nan
* incbet underflow nan
*/
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, Scalar>::value == false),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return Scalar(0);
}
};
/* Continued fraction expansion #1 for incomplete beta integral (small_branch = True)
* Continued fraction expansion #2 for incomplete beta integral (small_branch = False)
*/
template <typename Scalar>
struct incbeta_cfe {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE Scalar run(Scalar a, Scalar b, Scalar x, bool small_branch) {
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::is_same<Scalar, float>::value ||
internal::is_same<Scalar, double>::value),
THIS_TYPE_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED);
const Scalar big = cephes_helper<Scalar>::big();
const Scalar machep = cephes_helper<Scalar>::machep();
const Scalar biginv = cephes_helper<Scalar>::biginv();
const Scalar zero = 0;
const Scalar one = 1;
const Scalar two = 2;
Scalar xk, pk, pkm1, pkm2, qk, qkm1, qkm2;
Scalar k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8, k26update;
Scalar ans;
int n;
const int num_iters = (internal::is_same<Scalar, float>::value) ? 100 : 300;
const Scalar thresh =
(internal::is_same<Scalar, float>::value) ? machep : Scalar(3) * machep;
Scalar r = (internal::is_same<Scalar, float>::value) ? zero : one;
if (small_branch) {
k1 = a;
k2 = a + b;
k3 = a;
k4 = a + one;
k5 = one;
k6 = b - one;
k7 = k4;
k8 = a + two;
k26update = one;
} else {
k1 = a;
k2 = b - one;
k3 = a;
k4 = a + one;
k5 = one;
k6 = a + b;
k7 = a + one;
k8 = a + two;
k26update = -one;
x = x / (one - x);
}
pkm2 = zero;
qkm2 = one;
pkm1 = one;
qkm1 = one;
ans = one;
n = 0;
do {
xk = -(x * k1 * k2) / (k3 * k4);
pk = pkm1 + pkm2 * xk;
qk = qkm1 + qkm2 * xk;
pkm2 = pkm1;
pkm1 = pk;
qkm2 = qkm1;
qkm1 = qk;
xk = (x * k5 * k6) / (k7 * k8);
pk = pkm1 + pkm2 * xk;
qk = qkm1 + qkm2 * xk;
pkm2 = pkm1;
pkm1 = pk;
qkm2 = qkm1;
qkm1 = qk;
if (qk != zero) {
r = pk / qk;
if (numext::abs(ans - r) < numext::abs(r) * thresh) {
return r;
}
ans = r;
}
k1 += one;
k2 += k26update;
k3 += two;
k4 += two;
k5 += one;
k6 -= k26update;
k7 += two;
k8 += two;
if ((numext::abs(qk) + numext::abs(pk)) > big) {
pkm2 *= biginv;
pkm1 *= biginv;
qkm2 *= biginv;
qkm1 *= biginv;
}
if ((numext::abs(qk) < biginv) || (numext::abs(pk) < biginv)) {
pkm2 *= big;
pkm1 *= big;
qkm2 *= big;
qkm1 *= big;
}
} while (++n < num_iters);
return ans;
}
};
/* Helper functions depending on the Scalar type */
template <typename Scalar>
struct betainc_helper {};
template <>
struct betainc_helper<float> {
/* Core implementation, assumes a large (> 1.0) */
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float incbsa(float aa, float bb,
float xx) {
float ans, a, b, t, x, onemx;
bool reversed_a_b = false;
onemx = 1.0f - xx;
/* see if x is greater than the mean */
if (xx > (aa / (aa + bb))) {
reversed_a_b = true;
a = bb;
b = aa;
t = xx;
x = onemx;
} else {
a = aa;
b = bb;
t = onemx;
x = xx;
}
/* Choose expansion for optimal convergence */
if (b > 10.0f) {
if (numext::abs(b * x / a) < 0.3f) {
t = betainc_helper<float>::incbps(a, b, x);
if (reversed_a_b) t = 1.0f - t;
return t;
}
}
ans = x * (a + b - 2.0f) / (a - 1.0f);
if (ans < 1.0f) {
ans = incbeta_cfe<float>::run(a, b, x, true /* small_branch */);
t = b * numext::log(t);
} else {
ans = incbeta_cfe<float>::run(a, b, x, false /* small_branch */);
t = (b - 1.0f) * numext::log(t);
}
t += a * numext::log(x) + lgamma_impl<float>::run(a + b) -
lgamma_impl<float>::run(a) - lgamma_impl<float>::run(b);
t += numext::log(ans / a);
t = numext::exp(t);
if (reversed_a_b) t = 1.0f - t;
return t;
}
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE float incbps(float a, float b, float x) {
float t, u, y, s;
const float machep = cephes_helper<float>::machep();
y = a * numext::log(x) + (b - 1.0f) * numext::log1p(-x) - numext::log(a);
y -= lgamma_impl<float>::run(a) + lgamma_impl<float>::run(b);
y += lgamma_impl<float>::run(a + b);
t = x / (1.0f - x);
s = 0.0f;
u = 1.0f;
do {
b -= 1.0f;
if (b == 0.0f) {
break;
}
a += 1.0f;
u *= t * b / a;
s += u;
} while (numext::abs(u) > machep);
return numext::exp(y) * (1.0f + s);
}
};
template <>
struct betainc_impl<float> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static float run(float a, float b, float x) {
const float nan = NumTraits<float>::quiet_NaN();
float ans, t;
if (a <= 0.0f) return nan;
if (b <= 0.0f) return nan;
if ((x <= 0.0f) || (x >= 1.0f)) {
if (x == 0.0f) return 0.0f;
if (x == 1.0f) return 1.0f;
// mtherr("betaincf", DOMAIN);
return nan;
}
/* transformation for small aa */
if (a <= 1.0f) {
ans = betainc_helper<float>::incbsa(a + 1.0f, b, x);
t = a * numext::log(x) + b * numext::log1p(-x) +
lgamma_impl<float>::run(a + b) - lgamma_impl<float>::run(a + 1.0f) -
lgamma_impl<float>::run(b);
return (ans + numext::exp(t));
} else {
return betainc_helper<float>::incbsa(a, b, x);
}
}
};
template <>
struct betainc_helper<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static EIGEN_STRONG_INLINE double incbps(double a, double b, double x) {
const double machep = cephes_helper<double>::machep();
double s, t, u, v, n, t1, z, ai;
ai = 1.0 / a;
u = (1.0 - b) * x;
v = u / (a + 1.0);
t1 = v;
t = u;
n = 2.0;
s = 0.0;
z = machep * ai;
while (numext::abs(v) > z) {
u = (n - b) * x / n;
t *= u;
v = t / (a + n);
s += v;
n += 1.0;
}
s += t1;
s += ai;
u = a * numext::log(x);
// TODO: gamma() is not directly implemented in Eigen.
/*
if ((a + b) < maxgam && numext::abs(u) < maxlog) {
t = gamma(a + b) / (gamma(a) * gamma(b));
s = s * t * pow(x, a);
} else {
*/
t = lgamma_impl<double>::run(a + b) - lgamma_impl<double>::run(a) -
lgamma_impl<double>::run(b) + u + numext::log(s);
return s = numext::exp(t);
}
};
template <>
struct betainc_impl<double> {
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
static double run(double aa, double bb, double xx) {
const double nan = NumTraits<double>::quiet_NaN();
const double machep = cephes_helper<double>::machep();
// const double maxgam = 171.624376956302725;
double a, b, t, x, xc, w, y;
bool reversed_a_b = false;
if (aa <= 0.0 || bb <= 0.0) {
return nan; // goto domerr;
}
if ((xx <= 0.0) || (xx >= 1.0)) {
if (xx == 0.0) return (0.0);
if (xx == 1.0) return (1.0);
// mtherr("incbet", DOMAIN);
return nan;
}
if ((bb * xx) <= 1.0 && xx <= 0.95) {
return betainc_helper<double>::incbps(aa, bb, xx);
}
w = 1.0 - xx;
/* Reverse a and b if x is greater than the mean. */
if (xx > (aa / (aa + bb))) {
reversed_a_b = true;
a = bb;
b = aa;
xc = xx;
x = w;
} else {
a = aa;
b = bb;
xc = w;
x = xx;
}
if (reversed_a_b && (b * x) <= 1.0 && x <= 0.95) {
t = betainc_helper<double>::incbps(a, b, x);
if (t <= machep) {
t = 1.0 - machep;
} else {
t = 1.0 - t;
}
return t;
}
/* Choose expansion for better convergence. */
y = x * (a + b - 2.0) - (a - 1.0);
if (y < 0.0) {
w = incbeta_cfe<double>::run(a, b, x, true /* small_branch */);
} else {
w = incbeta_cfe<double>::run(a, b, x, false /* small_branch */) / xc;
}
/* Multiply w by the factor
a b _ _ _
x (1-x) | (a+b) / ( a | (a) | (b) ) . */
y = a * numext::log(x);
t = b * numext::log(xc);
// TODO: gamma is not directly implemented in Eigen.
/*
if ((a + b) < maxgam && numext::abs(y) < maxlog && numext::abs(t) < maxlog)
{
t = pow(xc, b);
t *= pow(x, a);
t /= a;
t *= w;
t *= gamma(a + b) / (gamma(a) * gamma(b));
} else {
*/
/* Resort to logarithms. */
y += t + lgamma_impl<double>::run(a + b) - lgamma_impl<double>::run(a) -
lgamma_impl<double>::run(b);
y += numext::log(w / a);
t = numext::exp(y);
/* } */
// done:
if (reversed_a_b) {
if (t <= machep) {
t = 1.0 - machep;
} else {
t = 1.0 - t;
}
}
return t;
}
};
#endif // EIGEN_HAS_C99_MATH
} // end namespace internal
namespace numext {
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(lgamma, Scalar)
lgamma(const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(lgamma, Scalar)::run(x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(digamma, Scalar)
digamma(const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(digamma, Scalar)::run(x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(zeta, Scalar)
zeta(const Scalar& x, const Scalar& q) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(zeta, Scalar)::run(x, q);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(polygamma, Scalar)
polygamma(const Scalar& n, const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(polygamma, Scalar)::run(n, x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(erf, Scalar)
erf(const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(erf, Scalar)::run(x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(erfc, Scalar)
erfc(const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(erfc, Scalar)::run(x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(igamma, Scalar)
igamma(const Scalar& a, const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(igamma, Scalar)::run(a, x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(igammac, Scalar)
igammac(const Scalar& a, const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(igammac, Scalar)::run(a, x);
}
template <typename Scalar>
EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC inline EIGEN_MATHFUNC_RETVAL(betainc, Scalar)
betainc(const Scalar& a, const Scalar& b, const Scalar& x) {
return EIGEN_MATHFUNC_IMPL(betainc, Scalar)::run(a, b, x);
}
} // end namespace numext
} // end namespace Eigen
#endif // EIGEN_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H